Dysuria and loin pain

The aim of this topic is to review the pathophysiology and investigations of obstructive lesions of the urinary tract, and their relationship to urinary tract infection.

Learning objectives:

At the completion of this topic you should be able to:

1. List the common sites of urinary tract obstruction, and classify the causes (intrinsic and extrinsic).
2. Discuss the pathophysiology and investigation of congenital vesicoureteric reflux (VUR), as well as the short and long-term complications.
3. Outline the pathophysiology and investigation of renal colic.
4. Describe the conditions that favour the formation of urinary tract calculi composed of calcium, struvite and uric acid.
5. Explain the pathogenesis of analgesic nephropathy, and its relationship to urinary tract obstruction and infection.
6. Outline the predisposing factors to, and the possible clinical manifestations of, transitional cell carcinoma.
7. Discuss in detail the pathophysiology and complications of prostatic enlargement caused by nodular hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
8. Outline the role of serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma.
9. Describe the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection, with particular reference to age, gender, sexual activity, pregnancy and instrumentation.

1. Outline the common types of renal calculi. What are the pathogenetic mechanisms in nephrolithiasis?
2. Write brief notes on the factors predisposing to urinary tract infection.
3. Outline an appropriate sequence of investigations for a patient with suspected adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Other relevant protocol - 41

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